Lirula needle blight1/2/2024 If cattle are unable to dissipate the excessive heat load experienced, hyperthermia can occur and cattle health will suffer.Ĭattle nutrition can be managed in a way that has the potential to change the metabolic heat produced by the animal. The total heat load experienced by cattle is the combination of metabolic heat produced and absorption of heat from the environment. If the temperature is higher than their normal skin temperature, cattle lose heat in less effective ways, by evaporation via the skin or respiration via panting. Cattle dissipate heat to their surroundings through conduction, convection and radiation when the ambient temperature is less than that of their skin. However, different nutritional management decisions can be used as cost effective strategies to help mitigate heat stress for cattle.Ĭattle produce a metabolic heat load from tissue metabolism and homeostasis, activity and fermentation of feed in the digestive tract. Some of these options may be limited due to facility design and energy or resource cost. Producers must consider amenities such as shade structures to escape from the sun, air flow that can be created naturally or artificially with fans and the possible use of sprinklers to allow for evaporative cooling. With the idea of cattle producers having some protection to mitigate environmental stressors, let’s focus for a moment more specifically on heat stress. Factors such as hair coat thickness, hide color, degree of fatness and cleanliness, along with environmental factors such as being wet, relative humidity, or exposure to the wind can change the range of temperatures representing the thermoneutral zone of cattle. The thermoneutral zone is where cattle do not have to expend extra energy to maintain their regular body temperature. In the Upper Midwest region, it is probably fair to say a greater number of cattle producers have a structure of some form to provide cattle with an escape or protection from the sun, wind or precipitation. Cattle facilities vary in design and amenities, particularly by location, regarding the protection and comfort provided to the animal from these environmental elements. In the Upper Midwest, we get to experience the extremes on both ends of the temperature spectrum, from extremely cold and wet winters to extremely hot and humid summers. Cercospora blight of junipers.Cattle are often viewed as hardy creatures because they spend their lives outdoors exposed to a vast range of temperatures and environmental conditions. Clemson Cooperative Extension Bulletin HGIC 2004. Leyland cypress diseases, insects and related pests. Alabama Cooperative Extension Bulletin ANR-1196. Cercospora needle blight on Leyland cypress. Consider adding a good quality surfactant to help achieve optimum coverage. Spray needles until runoff with enough volume and pressure to reach the inner most portions of the plant, particularly at the base of the tree where initial infection usually occurs. Adequate needle coverage is extremely important for satisfactory control of this disease. Fungicide applications should begin in the early spring and continue until cooler and drier air in the fall. Prune out diseased limbs and disinfect pruning equipment to prevent spreading spores.įew fungicides are not labeled for passalora needle blight however several fungicides have been suggested here and also here. This includes the use of drip irrigation or restricting overhead irrigation to pre-dawn hours. Watering strategies should aim to reduce moisture in the canopy and prevent the spread of spores. New growth near the top of the plant may also be infected under severe disease pressure.Ĭultural practices to prevent this disease include planting with adequate spacing to allow for proper airflow. Symptoms appear during the summer months as blighting of previous years’ growth in the lower and inner portions of the plant, moving outward and upward to the top of the plant. Moisture is necessary for the spores to germinate and infect the host plant. Spores from the disease are produced in the spring and fall during periods of wet weather, and are spread by wind and water. The pathogen overwinters in the needles of the plant. Native trees such as eastern redcedars are believed to be the original disease host. The disease is caused by the pathogen Passalora sequoiae. It has been become a prevalent disease in landscapes and nurseries, and can cause significant problems for both landscape companies and ornamental growers. Passalora needle blight, often referred to a cercospora and cercosporidium needle blight, a common disease on Leyland cyperus and other coniferous species of Juniperus, Thuja, Cupressus, Taxodium, Cryptomeria, and Sequoia. Passalora needle blight on Japanese cryptomeria
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